/**
  @file

  @ingroup cudd

  @brief Functions to find irredundant SOP covers as ZDDs from BDDs.

  @author In-Ho Moon

  @copyright@parblock
  Copyright (c) 1995-2015, Regents of the University of Colorado

  All rights reserved.

  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
  are met:

  Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

  Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
  documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

  Neither the name of the University of Colorado nor the names of its
  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
  this software without specific prior written permission.

  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
  "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
  FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
  COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
  INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
  BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
  LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
  CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
  LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
  ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
  POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  @endparblock

*/

#include "util.h"
#include "cuddInt.h"

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Constant declarations                                                     */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Stucture declarations                                                     */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Type declarations                                                         */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Variable declarations                                                     */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Macro declarations                                                        */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/** \cond */

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Static function prototypes                                                */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/** \endcond */


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Definition of exported functions                                          */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/**
  @brief Computes an ISOP in %ZDD form from BDDs.

  @details Computes an irredundant sum of products (ISOP) in %ZDD
  form from BDDs. The two BDDs L and U represent the lower bound and
  the upper bound, respectively, of the function. The ISOP uses two
  %ZDD variables for each %BDD variable: One for the positive literal,
  and one for the negative literal. These two variables should be
  adjacent in the %ZDD order. The two %ZDD variables corresponding to
  %BDD variable <code>i</code> should have indices <code>2i</code> and
  <code>2i+1</code>.  The result of this procedure depends on the
  variable order. If successful, Cudd_zddIsop returns the %BDD for
  the function chosen from the interval. The %ZDD representing the
  irredundant cover is returned as a side effect in zdd_I. In case of
  failure, NULL is returned.

  @return the %BDD for the chosen function if successful; NULL otherwise.

  @sideeffect zdd_I holds the pointer to the %ZDD for the ISOP on
  successful return.

  @see Cudd_bddIsop Cudd_zddVarsFromBddVars

*/
DdNode	*
Cudd_zddIsop(
  DdManager * dd,
  DdNode * L,
  DdNode * U,
  DdNode ** zdd_I)
{
    DdNode	*res;
    int		autoDynZ;

    autoDynZ = dd->autoDynZ;
    dd->autoDynZ = 0;

    do {
	dd->reordered = 0;
	res = cuddZddIsop(dd, L, U, zdd_I);
    } while (dd->reordered == 1);
    dd->autoDynZ = autoDynZ;
    if (dd->errorCode == CUDD_TIMEOUT_EXPIRED && dd->timeoutHandler) {
        dd->timeoutHandler(dd, dd->tohArg);
    }
    return(res);

} /* end of Cudd_zddIsop */


/**
  @brief Computes a %BDD in the interval between L and U with a
  simple sum-of-product cover.

  @details This procedure is similar to Cudd_zddIsop, but it does not
  return the %ZDD for the cover.

  @return a pointer to the %BDD if successful; NULL otherwise.

  @sideeffect None

  @see Cudd_zddIsop

*/
DdNode	*
Cudd_bddIsop(
  DdManager * dd,
  DdNode * L,
  DdNode * U)
{
    DdNode	*res;

    do {
	dd->reordered = 0;
	res = cuddBddIsop(dd, L, U);
    } while (dd->reordered == 1);
    if (dd->errorCode == CUDD_TIMEOUT_EXPIRED && dd->timeoutHandler) {
        dd->timeoutHandler(dd, dd->tohArg);
    }
    return(res);

} /* end of Cudd_bddIsop */


/**
  @brief Converts a %ZDD cover to a %BDD.

  @details Converts a %ZDD cover to a %BDD for the function represented
  by the cover.

  @return a %BDD node if successful; otherwise it returns NULL.

  @see Cudd_zddIsop

*/
DdNode	*
Cudd_MakeBddFromZddCover(
  DdManager * dd,
  DdNode * node)
{
    DdNode	*res;

    do {
	dd->reordered = 0;
	res = cuddMakeBddFromZddCover(dd, node);
    } while (dd->reordered == 1);
    if (dd->errorCode == CUDD_TIMEOUT_EXPIRED && dd->timeoutHandler) {
        dd->timeoutHandler(dd, dd->tohArg);
    }
    return(res);

} /* end of Cudd_MakeBddFromZddCover */


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Definition of internal functions                                          */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/


/**
  @brief Performs the recursive step of Cudd_zddIsop.

  @sideeffect None

  @see Cudd_zddIsop

*/
DdNode	*
cuddZddIsop(
  DdManager * dd,
  DdNode * L,
  DdNode * U,
  DdNode ** zdd_I)
{
    DdNode	*one = DD_ONE(dd);
    DdNode	*zero = Cudd_Not(one);
    DdNode	*zdd_one = DD_ONE(dd);
    DdNode	*zdd_zero = DD_ZERO(dd);
    int		v, top_l, top_u;
    DdNode	*Lsub0, *Usub0, *Lsub1, *Usub1, *Ld, *Ud;
    DdNode	*Lsuper0, *Usuper0, *Lsuper1, *Usuper1;
    DdNode	*Isub0, *Isub1, *Id;
    DdNode	*zdd_Isub0, *zdd_Isub1, *zdd_Id;
    DdNode	*x;
    DdNode	*term0, *term1, *sum;
    DdNode	*Lv, *Uv, *Lnv, *Unv;
    DdNode	*r, *y, *z;
    unsigned	index;
    DD_CTFP	cacheOp;

    statLine(dd);
    if (L == zero) {
	*zdd_I = zdd_zero;
	return(zero);
    }
    if (U == one) {
	*zdd_I = zdd_one;
	return(one);
    }

    if (U == zero || L == one) {
	printf("*** ERROR : illegal condition for ISOP (U < L).\n");
	exit(1);
    }

    /* Check the cache. We store two results for each recursive call.
    ** One is the BDD, and the other is the ZDD. Both are needed.
    ** Hence we need a double hit in the cache to terminate the
    ** recursion. Clearly, collisions may evict only one of the two
    ** results. */
    cacheOp = (DD_CTFP) cuddZddIsop;
    r = cuddCacheLookup2(dd, cuddBddIsop, L, U);
    if (r) {
	*zdd_I = cuddCacheLookup2Zdd(dd, cacheOp, L, U);
	if (*zdd_I)
	    return(r);
	else {
	    /* The BDD result may have been dead. In that case
	    ** cuddCacheLookup2 would have called cuddReclaim,
	    ** whose effects we now have to undo. */
	    cuddRef(r);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, r);
	}
    }

    top_l = dd->perm[Cudd_Regular(L)->index];
    top_u = dd->perm[Cudd_Regular(U)->index];
    v = ddMin(top_l, top_u);

    /* Compute cofactors. */
    if (top_l == v) {
	index = Cudd_Regular(L)->index;
	Lv = Cudd_T(L);
	Lnv = Cudd_E(L);
	if (Cudd_IsComplement(L)) {
	    Lv = Cudd_Not(Lv);
	    Lnv = Cudd_Not(Lnv);
	}
    }
    else {
	index = Cudd_Regular(U)->index;
	Lv = Lnv = L;
    }

    if (top_u == v) {
	Uv = Cudd_T(U);
	Unv = Cudd_E(U);
	if (Cudd_IsComplement(U)) {
	    Uv = Cudd_Not(Uv);
	    Unv = Cudd_Not(Unv);
	}
    }
    else {
	Uv = Unv = U;
    }

    Lsub0 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Lnv, Cudd_Not(Uv));
    if (Lsub0 == NULL)
	return(NULL);
    Cudd_Ref(Lsub0);
    Usub0 = Unv;
    Lsub1 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Lv, Cudd_Not(Unv));
    if (Lsub1 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub0);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Lsub1);
    Usub1 = Uv;

    Isub0 = cuddZddIsop(dd, Lsub0, Usub0, &zdd_Isub0);
    if (Isub0 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub1);
	return(NULL);
    }
    /*
    if ((!cuddIsConstant(Cudd_Regular(Isub0))) &&
	(Cudd_Regular(Isub0)->index != zdd_Isub0->index / 2 ||
	dd->permZ[index * 2] > dd->permZ[zdd_Isub0->index])) {
	printf("*** ERROR : illegal permutation in ZDD. ***\n");
    }
    */
    Cudd_Ref(Isub0);
    Cudd_Ref(zdd_Isub0);
    Isub1 = cuddZddIsop(dd, Lsub1, Usub1, &zdd_Isub1);
    if (Isub1 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	return(NULL);
    }
    /*
    if ((!cuddIsConstant(Cudd_Regular(Isub1))) &&
	(Cudd_Regular(Isub1)->index != zdd_Isub1->index / 2 ||
	dd->permZ[index * 2] > dd->permZ[zdd_Isub1->index])) {
	printf("*** ERROR : illegal permutation in ZDD. ***\n");
    }
    */
    Cudd_Ref(Isub1);
    Cudd_Ref(zdd_Isub1);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub0);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub1);

    Lsuper0 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Lnv, Cudd_Not(Isub0));
    if (Lsuper0 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Lsuper0);
    Lsuper1 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Lv, Cudd_Not(Isub1));
    if (Lsuper1 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper0);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Lsuper1);
    Usuper0 = Unv;
    Usuper1 = Uv;

    /* Ld = Lsuper0 + Lsuper1 */
    Ld = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Cudd_Not(Lsuper0), Cudd_Not(Lsuper1));
    if (Ld == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper1);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Ld = Cudd_Not(Ld);
    Cudd_Ref(Ld);
    /* Ud = Usuper0 * Usuper1 */
    Ud = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Usuper0, Usuper1);
    if (Ud == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Ld);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Ud);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper0);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper1);

    Id = cuddZddIsop(dd, Ld, Ud, &zdd_Id);
    if (Id == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Ld);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Ud);
	return(NULL);
    }
    /*
    if ((!cuddIsConstant(Cudd_Regular(Id))) &&
	(Cudd_Regular(Id)->index != zdd_Id->index / 2 ||
	dd->permZ[index * 2] > dd->permZ[zdd_Id->index])) {
	printf("*** ERROR : illegal permutation in ZDD. ***\n");
    }
    */
    Cudd_Ref(Id);
    Cudd_Ref(zdd_Id);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Ld);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Ud);

    x = cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, one, zero);
    if (x == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Id);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(x);
    /* term0 = x * Isub0 */
    term0 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Cudd_Not(x), Isub0);
    if (term0 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, x);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(term0);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
    /* term1 = x * Isub1 */
    term1 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, x, Isub1);
    if (term1 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, x);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, term0);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(term1);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, x);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
    /* sum = term0 + term1 */
    sum = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Cudd_Not(term0), Cudd_Not(term1));
    if (sum == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, term0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, term1);
	return(NULL);
    }
    sum = Cudd_Not(sum);
    Cudd_Ref(sum);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, term0);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, term1);
    /* r = sum + Id */
    r = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Cudd_Not(sum), Cudd_Not(Id));
    r = Cudd_NotCond(r, r != NULL);
    if (r == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, sum);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(r);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, sum);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);

    if (zdd_Isub0 != zdd_zero) {
	z = cuddZddGetNodeIVO(dd, index * 2 + 1, zdd_Isub0, zdd_Id);
	if (z == NULL) {
	    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Id);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, r);
	    return(NULL);
	}
    }
    else {
	z = zdd_Id;
    }
    Cudd_Ref(z);
    if (zdd_Isub1 != zdd_zero) {
	y = cuddZddGetNodeIVO(dd, index * 2, zdd_Isub1, z);
	if (y == NULL) {
	    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Id);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, r);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, z);
	    return(NULL);
	}
    }
    else
	y = z;
    Cudd_Ref(y);

    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub0);
    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Isub1);
    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, zdd_Id);
    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, z);

    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, cuddBddIsop, L, U, r);
    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, cacheOp, L, U, y);

    Cudd_Deref(r);
    Cudd_Deref(y);
    *zdd_I = y;
    /*
    if (Cudd_Regular(r)->index != y->index / 2) {
	printf("*** ERROR : mismatch in indices between BDD and ZDD. ***\n");
    }
    */
    return(r);

} /* end of cuddZddIsop */


/**
  @brief Performs the recursive step of Cudd_bddIsop.

  @sideeffect None

  @see Cudd_bddIsop

*/
DdNode	*
cuddBddIsop(
  DdManager * dd,
  DdNode * L,
  DdNode * U)
{
    DdNode	*one = DD_ONE(dd);
    DdNode	*zero = Cudd_Not(one);
    int		v, top_l, top_u;
    DdNode	*Lsub0, *Usub0, *Lsub1, *Usub1, *Ld, *Ud;
    DdNode	*Lsuper0, *Usuper0, *Lsuper1, *Usuper1;
    DdNode	*Isub0, *Isub1, *Id;
    DdNode	*x;
    DdNode	*term0, *term1, *sum;
    DdNode	*Lv, *Uv, *Lnv, *Unv;
    DdNode	*r;
    unsigned	index;

    statLine(dd);
    if (L == zero)
	return(zero);
    if (U == one)
	return(one);

    /* Check cache */
    r = cuddCacheLookup2(dd, cuddBddIsop, L, U);
    if (r)
	return(r);

    top_l = dd->perm[Cudd_Regular(L)->index];
    top_u = dd->perm[Cudd_Regular(U)->index];
    v = ddMin(top_l, top_u);

    /* Compute cofactors */
    if (top_l == v) {
	index = Cudd_Regular(L)->index;
	Lv = Cudd_T(L);
	Lnv = Cudd_E(L);
	if (Cudd_IsComplement(L)) {
	    Lv = Cudd_Not(Lv);
	    Lnv = Cudd_Not(Lnv);
	}
    }
    else {
	index = Cudd_Regular(U)->index;
	Lv = Lnv = L;
    }

    if (top_u == v) {
	Uv = Cudd_T(U);
	Unv = Cudd_E(U);
	if (Cudd_IsComplement(U)) {
	    Uv = Cudd_Not(Uv);
	    Unv = Cudd_Not(Unv);
	}
    }
    else {
	Uv = Unv = U;
    }

    Lsub0 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Lnv, Cudd_Not(Uv));
    if (Lsub0 == NULL)
	return(NULL);
    Cudd_Ref(Lsub0);
    Usub0 = Unv;
    Lsub1 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Lv, Cudd_Not(Unv));
    if (Lsub1 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub0);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Lsub1);
    Usub1 = Uv;

    Isub0 = cuddBddIsop(dd, Lsub0, Usub0);
    if (Isub0 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub1);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Isub0);
    Isub1 = cuddBddIsop(dd, Lsub1, Usub1);
    if (Isub1 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Isub1);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub0);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsub1);

    Lsuper0 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Lnv, Cudd_Not(Isub0));
    if (Lsuper0 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Lsuper0);
    Lsuper1 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Lv, Cudd_Not(Isub1));
    if (Lsuper1 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper0);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Lsuper1);
    Usuper0 = Unv;
    Usuper1 = Uv;

    /* Ld = Lsuper0 + Lsuper1 */
    Ld = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Cudd_Not(Lsuper0), Cudd_Not(Lsuper1));
    Ld = Cudd_NotCond(Ld, Ld != NULL);
    if (Ld == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper1);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Ld);
    Ud = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Usuper0, Usuper1);
    if (Ud == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Ld);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Ud);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper0);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Lsuper1);

    Id = cuddBddIsop(dd, Ld, Ud);
    if (Id == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Ld);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Ud);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(Id);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Ld);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Ud);

    x = cuddUniqueInter(dd, index, one, zero);
    if (x == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(x);
    term0 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Cudd_Not(x), Isub0);
    if (term0 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, x);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(term0);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub0);
    term1 = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, x, Isub1);
    if (term1 == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, x);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, term0);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(term1);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, x);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Isub1);
    /* sum = term0 + term1 */
    sum = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Cudd_Not(term0), Cudd_Not(term1));
    sum = Cudd_NotCond(sum, sum != NULL);
    if (sum == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, term0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, term1);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(sum);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, term0);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, term1);
    /* r = sum + Id */
    r = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Cudd_Not(sum), Cudd_Not(Id));
    r = Cudd_NotCond(r, r != NULL);
    if (r == NULL) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, sum);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(r);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, sum);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, Id);

    cuddCacheInsert2(dd, cuddBddIsop, L, U, r);

    Cudd_Deref(r);
    return(r);

} /* end of cuddBddIsop */


/**
  @brief Converts a %ZDD cover to a %BDD.

  @details It is a recursive algorithm that works as follows. First it
  computes 3 cofactors of a %ZDD cover: f1, f0 and fd. Second, it
  compute BDDs (b1, b0 and bd) of f1, f0 and fd.  Third, it computes
  T=b1+bd and E=b0+bd. Fourth, it computes ITE(v,T,E) where v is the
  variable which has the index of the top node of the %ZDD cover.  In
  this case, since the index of v can be larger than either the one of
  T or the one of E, cuddUniqueInterIVO is called, where IVO stands
  for independent from variable ordering.

  @return a %BDD node if successful; otherwise it returns NULL.

  @see Cudd_MakeBddFromZddCover

*/
DdNode	*
cuddMakeBddFromZddCover(
  DdManager * dd,
  DdNode * node)
{
    DdNode	*neW;
    unsigned	v;
    DdNode	*f1, *f0, *fd;
    DdNode	*b1, *b0, *bd;
    DdNode	*T, *E;

    statLine(dd);
    if (node == dd->one)
	return(dd->one);
    if (node == dd->zero)
	return(Cudd_Not(dd->one));

    /* Check cache */
    neW = cuddCacheLookup1(dd, cuddMakeBddFromZddCover, node);
    if (neW)
	return(neW);

    v = Cudd_Regular(node)->index;	/* either yi or zi */
    if (cuddZddGetCofactors3(dd, node, v, &f1, &f0, &fd)) return(NULL);
    Cudd_Ref(f1);
    Cudd_Ref(f0);
    Cudd_Ref(fd);

    b1 = cuddMakeBddFromZddCover(dd, f1);
    if (!b1) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, f1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, f0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, fd);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(b1);
    b0 = cuddMakeBddFromZddCover(dd, f0);
    if (!b0) {
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, f1);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, f0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, fd);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, b1);
	return(NULL);
    }
    Cudd_Ref(b0);
    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, f1);
    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, f0);
    if (fd != dd->zero) {
	bd = cuddMakeBddFromZddCover(dd, fd);
	if (!bd) {
	    Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, fd);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, b1);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, b0);
	    return(NULL);
	}
	Cudd_Ref(bd);
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, fd);

	T = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Cudd_Not(b1), Cudd_Not(bd));
	if (!T) {
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, b1);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, b0);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, bd);
	    return(NULL);
	}
	T = Cudd_NotCond(T, T != NULL);
	Cudd_Ref(T);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, b1);
	E = cuddBddAndRecur(dd, Cudd_Not(b0), Cudd_Not(bd));
	if (!E) {
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, b0);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, bd);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, T);
	    return(NULL);
	}
	E = Cudd_NotCond(E, E != NULL);
	Cudd_Ref(E);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, b0);
	Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, bd);
    }
    else {
	Cudd_RecursiveDerefZdd(dd, fd);
	T = b1;
	E = b0;
    }

    if (Cudd_IsComplement(T)) {
	neW = cuddUniqueInterIVO(dd, v / 2, Cudd_Not(T), Cudd_Not(E));
	if (!neW) {
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, T);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, E);
	    return(NULL);
	}
	neW = Cudd_Not(neW);
    }
    else {
	neW = cuddUniqueInterIVO(dd, v / 2, T, E);
	if (!neW) {
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, T);
	    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, E);
	    return(NULL);
	}
    }
    Cudd_Ref(neW);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, T);
    Cudd_RecursiveDeref(dd, E);

    cuddCacheInsert1(dd, cuddMakeBddFromZddCover, node, neW);
    Cudd_Deref(neW);
    return(neW);

} /* end of cuddMakeBddFromZddCover */


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Definition of static functions                                            */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/