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/* glpios03.c (branch-and-cut driver) */
/***********************************************************************
* This code is part of GLPK (GNU Linear Programming Kit).
*
* Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008,
* 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013 Andrew Makhorin, Department for Applied
* Informatics, Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow, Russia. All rights
* reserved. E-mail: <mao@gnu.org>.
*
* GLPK is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* GLPK is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
* or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public
* License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with GLPK. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
***********************************************************************/
#include "env.h"
#include "glpios.h"
/***********************************************************************
* show_progress - display current progress of the search
*
* This routine displays some information about current progress of the
* search.
*
* The information includes:
*
* the current number of iterations performed by the simplex solver;
*
* the objective value for the best known integer feasible solution,
* which is upper (minimization) or lower (maximization) global bound
* for optimal solution of the original mip problem;
*
* the best local bound for active nodes, which is lower (minimization)
* or upper (maximization) global bound for optimal solution of the
* original mip problem;
*
* the relative mip gap, in percents;
*
* the number of open (active) subproblems;
*
* the number of completely explored subproblems, i.e. whose nodes have
* been removed from the tree. */
static void show_progress(glp_tree *T, int bingo)
{ int p;
double temp;
char best_mip[50], best_bound[50], *rho, rel_gap[50];
/* format the best known integer feasible solution */
if (T->mip->mip_stat == GLP_FEAS)
sprintf(best_mip, "%17.9e", T->mip->mip_obj);
else
sprintf(best_mip, "%17s", "not found yet");
/* determine reference number of an active subproblem whose local
bound is best */
p = ios_best_node(T);
/* format the best bound */
if (p == 0)
sprintf(best_bound, "%17s", "tree is empty");
else
{ temp = T->slot[p].node->bound;
if (temp == -DBL_MAX)
sprintf(best_bound, "%17s", "-inf");
else if (temp == +DBL_MAX)
sprintf(best_bound, "%17s", "+inf");
else
sprintf(best_bound, "%17.9e", temp);
}
/* choose the relation sign between global bounds */
if (T->mip->dir == GLP_MIN)
rho = ">=";
else if (T->mip->dir == GLP_MAX)
rho = "<=";
else
xassert(T != T);
/* format the relative mip gap */
temp = ios_relative_gap(T);
if (temp == 0.0)
sprintf(rel_gap, " 0.0%%");
else if (temp < 0.001)
sprintf(rel_gap, "< 0.1%%");
else if (temp <= 9.999)
sprintf(rel_gap, "%5.1f%%", 100.0 * temp);
else
sprintf(rel_gap, "%6s", "");
/* display progress of the search */
xprintf("+%6d: %s %s %s %s %s (%d; %d)\n",
T->mip->it_cnt, bingo ? ">>>>>" : "mip =", best_mip, rho,
best_bound, rel_gap, T->a_cnt, T->t_cnt - T->n_cnt);
T->tm_lag = xtime();
return;
}
/***********************************************************************
* is_branch_hopeful - check if specified branch is hopeful
*
* This routine checks if the specified subproblem can have an integer
* optimal solution which is better than the best known one.
*
* The check is based on comparison of the local objective bound stored
* in the subproblem descriptor and the incumbent objective value which
* is the global objective bound.
*
* If there is a chance that the specified subproblem can have a better
* integer optimal solution, the routine returns non-zero. Otherwise, if
* the corresponding branch can pruned, zero is returned. */
static int is_branch_hopeful(glp_tree *T, int p)
{ xassert(1 <= p && p <= T->nslots);
xassert(T->slot[p].node != NULL);
return ios_is_hopeful(T, T->slot[p].node->bound);
}
/***********************************************************************
* check_integrality - check integrality of basic solution
*
* This routine checks if the basic solution of LP relaxation of the
* current subproblem satisfies to integrality conditions, i.e. that all
* variables of integer kind have integral primal values. (The solution
* is assumed to be optimal.)
*
* For each variable of integer kind the routine computes the following
* quantity:
*
* ii(x[j]) = min(x[j] - floor(x[j]), ceil(x[j]) - x[j]), (1)
*
* which is a measure of the integer infeasibility (non-integrality) of
* x[j] (for example, ii(2.1) = 0.1, ii(3.7) = 0.3, ii(5.0) = 0). It is
* understood that 0 <= ii(x[j]) <= 0.5, and variable x[j] is integer
* feasible if ii(x[j]) = 0. However, due to floating-point arithmetic
* the routine checks less restrictive condition:
*
* ii(x[j]) <= tol_int, (2)
*
* where tol_int is a given tolerance (small positive number) and marks
* each variable which does not satisfy to (2) as integer infeasible by
* setting its fractionality flag.
*
* In order to characterize integer infeasibility of the basic solution
* in the whole the routine computes two parameters: ii_cnt, which is
* the number of variables with the fractionality flag set, and ii_sum,
* which is the sum of integer infeasibilities (1). */
static void check_integrality(glp_tree *T)
{ glp_prob *mip = T->mip;
int j, type, ii_cnt = 0;
double lb, ub, x, temp1, temp2, ii_sum = 0.0;
/* walk through the set of columns (structural variables) */
for (j = 1; j <= mip->n; j++)
{ GLPCOL *col = mip->col[j];
T->non_int[j] = 0;
/* if the column is not integer, skip it */
if (col->kind != GLP_IV) continue;
/* if the column is non-basic, it is integer feasible */
if (col->stat != GLP_BS) continue;
/* obtain the type and bounds of the column */
type = col->type, lb = col->lb, ub = col->ub;
/* obtain value of the column in optimal basic solution */
x = col->prim;
/* if the column's primal value is close to the lower bound,
the column is integer feasible within given tolerance */
if (type == GLP_LO || type == GLP_DB || type == GLP_FX)
{ temp1 = lb - T->parm->tol_int;
temp2 = lb + T->parm->tol_int;
if (temp1 <= x && x <= temp2) continue;
#if 0
/* the lower bound must not be violated */
xassert(x >= lb);
#else
if (x < lb) continue;
#endif
}
/* if the column's primal value is close to the upper bound,
the column is integer feasible within given tolerance */
if (type == GLP_UP || type == GLP_DB || type == GLP_FX)
{ temp1 = ub - T->parm->tol_int;
temp2 = ub + T->parm->tol_int;
if (temp1 <= x && x <= temp2) continue;
#if 0
/* the upper bound must not be violated */
xassert(x <= ub);
#else
if (x > ub) continue;
#endif
}
/* if the column's primal value is close to nearest integer,
the column is integer feasible within given tolerance */
temp1 = floor(x + 0.5) - T->parm->tol_int;
temp2 = floor(x + 0.5) + T->parm->tol_int;
if (temp1 <= x && x <= temp2) continue;
/* otherwise the column is integer infeasible */
T->non_int[j] = 1;
/* increase the number of fractional-valued columns */
ii_cnt++;
/* compute the sum of integer infeasibilities */
temp1 = x - floor(x);
temp2 = ceil(x) - x;
xassert(temp1 > 0.0 && temp2 > 0.0);
ii_sum += (temp1 <= temp2 ? temp1 : temp2);
}
/* store ii_cnt and ii_sum to the current problem descriptor */
xassert(T->curr != NULL);
T->curr->ii_cnt = ii_cnt;
T->curr->ii_sum = ii_sum;
/* and also display these parameters */
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
{ if (ii_cnt == 0)
xprintf("There are no fractional columns\n");
else if (ii_cnt == 1)
xprintf("There is one fractional column, integer infeasibil"
"ity is %.3e\n", ii_sum);
else
xprintf("There are %d fractional columns, integer infeasibi"
"lity is %.3e\n", ii_cnt, ii_sum);
}
return;
}
/***********************************************************************
* record_solution - record better integer feasible solution
*
* This routine records optimal basic solution of LP relaxation of the
* current subproblem, which being integer feasible is better than the
* best known integer feasible solution. */
static void record_solution(glp_tree *T)
{ glp_prob *mip = T->mip;
int i, j;
mip->mip_stat = GLP_FEAS;
mip->mip_obj = mip->obj_val;
for (i = 1; i <= mip->m; i++)
{ GLPROW *row = mip->row[i];
row->mipx = row->prim;
}
for (j = 1; j <= mip->n; j++)
{ GLPCOL *col = mip->col[j];
if (col->kind == GLP_CV)
col->mipx = col->prim;
else if (col->kind == GLP_IV)
{ /* value of the integer column must be integral */
col->mipx = floor(col->prim + 0.5);
}
else
xassert(col != col);
}
T->sol_cnt++;
return;
}
/***********************************************************************
* fix_by_red_cost - fix non-basic integer columns by reduced costs
*
* This routine fixes some non-basic integer columns if their reduced
* costs indicate that increasing (decreasing) the column at least by
* one involves the objective value becoming worse than the incumbent
* objective value. */
static void fix_by_red_cost(glp_tree *T)
{ glp_prob *mip = T->mip;
int j, stat, fixed = 0;
double obj, lb, ub, dj;
/* the global bound must exist */
xassert(T->mip->mip_stat == GLP_FEAS);
/* basic solution of LP relaxation must be optimal */
xassert(mip->pbs_stat == GLP_FEAS && mip->dbs_stat == GLP_FEAS);
/* determine the objective function value */
obj = mip->obj_val;
/* walk through the column list */
for (j = 1; j <= mip->n; j++)
{ GLPCOL *col = mip->col[j];
/* if the column is not integer, skip it */
if (col->kind != GLP_IV) continue;
/* obtain bounds of j-th column */
lb = col->lb, ub = col->ub;
/* and determine its status and reduced cost */
stat = col->stat, dj = col->dual;
/* analyze the reduced cost */
switch (mip->dir)
{ case GLP_MIN:
/* minimization */
if (stat == GLP_NL)
{ /* j-th column is non-basic on its lower bound */
if (dj < 0.0) dj = 0.0;
if (obj + dj >= mip->mip_obj)
glp_set_col_bnds(mip, j, GLP_FX, lb, lb), fixed++;
}
else if (stat == GLP_NU)
{ /* j-th column is non-basic on its upper bound */
if (dj > 0.0) dj = 0.0;
if (obj - dj >= mip->mip_obj)
glp_set_col_bnds(mip, j, GLP_FX, ub, ub), fixed++;
}
break;
case GLP_MAX:
/* maximization */
if (stat == GLP_NL)
{ /* j-th column is non-basic on its lower bound */
if (dj > 0.0) dj = 0.0;
if (obj + dj <= mip->mip_obj)
glp_set_col_bnds(mip, j, GLP_FX, lb, lb), fixed++;
}
else if (stat == GLP_NU)
{ /* j-th column is non-basic on its upper bound */
if (dj < 0.0) dj = 0.0;
if (obj - dj <= mip->mip_obj)
glp_set_col_bnds(mip, j, GLP_FX, ub, ub), fixed++;
}
break;
default:
xassert(T != T);
}
}
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
{ if (fixed == 0)
/* nothing to say */;
else if (fixed == 1)
xprintf("One column has been fixed by reduced cost\n");
else
xprintf("%d columns have been fixed by reduced costs\n",
fixed);
}
/* fixing non-basic columns on their current bounds does not
change the basic solution */
xassert(mip->pbs_stat == GLP_FEAS && mip->dbs_stat == GLP_FEAS);
return;
}
/***********************************************************************
* branch_on - perform branching on specified variable
*
* This routine performs branching on j-th column (structural variable)
* of the current subproblem. The specified column must be of integer
* kind and must have a fractional value in optimal basic solution of
* LP relaxation of the current subproblem (i.e. only columns for which
* the flag non_int[j] is set are valid candidates to branch on).
*
* Let x be j-th structural variable, and beta be its primal fractional
* value in the current basic solution. Branching on j-th variable is
* dividing the current subproblem into two new subproblems, which are
* identical to the current subproblem with the following exception: in
* the first subproblem that begins the down-branch x has a new upper
* bound x <= floor(beta), and in the second subproblem that begins the
* up-branch x has a new lower bound x >= ceil(beta).
*
* Depending on estimation of local bounds for down- and up-branches
* this routine returns the following:
*
* 0 - both branches have been created;
* 1 - one branch is hopeless and has been pruned, so now the current
* subproblem is other branch;
* 2 - both branches are hopeless and have been pruned; new subproblem
* selection is needed to continue the search. */
static int branch_on(glp_tree *T, int j, int next)
{ glp_prob *mip = T->mip;
IOSNPD *node;
int m = mip->m;
int n = mip->n;
int type, dn_type, up_type, dn_bad, up_bad, p, ret, clone[1+2];
double lb, ub, beta, new_ub, new_lb, dn_lp, up_lp, dn_bnd, up_bnd;
/* determine bounds and value of x[j] in optimal solution to LP
relaxation of the current subproblem */
xassert(1 <= j && j <= n);
type = mip->col[j]->type;
lb = mip->col[j]->lb;
ub = mip->col[j]->ub;
beta = mip->col[j]->prim;
/* determine new bounds of x[j] for down- and up-branches */
new_ub = floor(beta);
new_lb = ceil(beta);
switch (type)
{ case GLP_FR:
dn_type = GLP_UP;
up_type = GLP_LO;
break;
case GLP_LO:
xassert(lb <= new_ub);
dn_type = (lb == new_ub ? GLP_FX : GLP_DB);
xassert(lb + 1.0 <= new_lb);
up_type = GLP_LO;
break;
case GLP_UP:
xassert(new_ub <= ub - 1.0);
dn_type = GLP_UP;
xassert(new_lb <= ub);
up_type = (new_lb == ub ? GLP_FX : GLP_DB);
break;
case GLP_DB:
xassert(lb <= new_ub && new_ub <= ub - 1.0);
dn_type = (lb == new_ub ? GLP_FX : GLP_DB);
xassert(lb + 1.0 <= new_lb && new_lb <= ub);
up_type = (new_lb == ub ? GLP_FX : GLP_DB);
break;
default:
xassert(type != type);
}
/* compute local bounds to LP relaxation for both branches */
ios_eval_degrad(T, j, &dn_lp, &up_lp);
/* and improve them by rounding */
dn_bnd = ios_round_bound(T, dn_lp);
up_bnd = ios_round_bound(T, up_lp);
/* check local bounds for down- and up-branches */
dn_bad = !ios_is_hopeful(T, dn_bnd);
up_bad = !ios_is_hopeful(T, up_bnd);
if (dn_bad && up_bad)
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Both down- and up-branches are hopeless\n");
ret = 2;
goto done;
}
else if (up_bad)
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Up-branch is hopeless\n");
glp_set_col_bnds(mip, j, dn_type, lb, new_ub);
T->curr->lp_obj = dn_lp;
if (mip->dir == GLP_MIN)
{ if (T->curr->bound < dn_bnd)
T->curr->bound = dn_bnd;
}
else if (mip->dir == GLP_MAX)
{ if (T->curr->bound > dn_bnd)
T->curr->bound = dn_bnd;
}
else
xassert(mip != mip);
ret = 1;
goto done;
}
else if (dn_bad)
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Down-branch is hopeless\n");
glp_set_col_bnds(mip, j, up_type, new_lb, ub);
T->curr->lp_obj = up_lp;
if (mip->dir == GLP_MIN)
{ if (T->curr->bound < up_bnd)
T->curr->bound = up_bnd;
}
else if (mip->dir == GLP_MAX)
{ if (T->curr->bound > up_bnd)
T->curr->bound = up_bnd;
}
else
xassert(mip != mip);
ret = 1;
goto done;
}
/* both down- and up-branches seem to be hopeful */
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Branching on column %d, primal value is %.9e\n",
j, beta);
/* determine the reference number of the current subproblem */
xassert(T->curr != NULL);
p = T->curr->p;
T->curr->br_var = j;
T->curr->br_val = beta;
/* freeze the current subproblem */
ios_freeze_node(T);
/* create two clones of the current subproblem; the first clone
begins the down-branch, the second one begins the up-branch */
ios_clone_node(T, p, 2, clone);
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Node %d begins down branch, node %d begins up branch "
"\n", clone[1], clone[2]);
/* set new upper bound of j-th column in the down-branch */
node = T->slot[clone[1]].node;
xassert(node != NULL);
xassert(node->up != NULL);
xassert(node->b_ptr == NULL);
node->b_ptr = dmp_get_atom(T->pool, sizeof(IOSBND));
node->b_ptr->k = m + j;
node->b_ptr->type = (unsigned char)dn_type;
node->b_ptr->lb = lb;
node->b_ptr->ub = new_ub;
node->b_ptr->next = NULL;
node->lp_obj = dn_lp;
if (mip->dir == GLP_MIN)
{ if (node->bound < dn_bnd)
node->bound = dn_bnd;
}
else if (mip->dir == GLP_MAX)
{ if (node->bound > dn_bnd)
node->bound = dn_bnd;
}
else
xassert(mip != mip);
/* set new lower bound of j-th column in the up-branch */
node = T->slot[clone[2]].node;
xassert(node != NULL);
xassert(node->up != NULL);
xassert(node->b_ptr == NULL);
node->b_ptr = dmp_get_atom(T->pool, sizeof(IOSBND));
node->b_ptr->k = m + j;
node->b_ptr->type = (unsigned char)up_type;
node->b_ptr->lb = new_lb;
node->b_ptr->ub = ub;
node->b_ptr->next = NULL;
node->lp_obj = up_lp;
if (mip->dir == GLP_MIN)
{ if (node->bound < up_bnd)
node->bound = up_bnd;
}
else if (mip->dir == GLP_MAX)
{ if (node->bound > up_bnd)
node->bound = up_bnd;
}
else
xassert(mip != mip);
/* suggest the subproblem to be solved next */
xassert(T->child == 0);
if (next == GLP_NO_BRNCH)
T->child = 0;
else if (next == GLP_DN_BRNCH)
T->child = clone[1];
else if (next == GLP_UP_BRNCH)
T->child = clone[2];
else
xassert(next != next);
ret = 0;
done: return ret;
}
/***********************************************************************
* cleanup_the_tree - prune hopeless branches from the tree
*
* This routine walks through the active list and checks the local
* bound for every active subproblem. If the local bound indicates that
* the subproblem cannot have integer optimal solution better than the
* incumbent objective value, the routine deletes such subproblem that,
* in turn, involves pruning the corresponding branch of the tree. */
static void cleanup_the_tree(glp_tree *T)
{ IOSNPD *node, *next_node;
int count = 0;
/* the global bound must exist */
xassert(T->mip->mip_stat == GLP_FEAS);
/* walk through the list of active subproblems */
for (node = T->head; node != NULL; node = next_node)
{ /* deleting some active problem node may involve deleting its
parents recursively; however, all its parents being created
*before* it are always *precede* it in the node list, so
the next problem node is never affected by such deletion */
next_node = node->next;
/* if the branch is hopeless, prune it */
if (!is_branch_hopeful(T, node->p))
ios_delete_node(T, node->p), count++;
}
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
{ if (count == 1)
xprintf("One hopeless branch has been pruned\n");
else if (count > 1)
xprintf("%d hopeless branches have been pruned\n", count);
}
return;
}
#if 0 /* 09/VII-2013 */
/***********************************************************************
* round_heur - simple rounding heuristic
*
* This routine attempts to guess an integer feasible solution by
* simple rounding values of all integer variables in basic solution to
* nearest integers. */
static int round_heur(glp_tree *T)
{ glp_prob *P = T->mip;
int m = P->m;
int n = P->n;
int i, j, ret;
double *x;
/* compute rounded values of variables */
x = talloc(1+n, double);
for (j = 1; j <= n; j++)
{ GLPCOL *col = P->col[j];
if (col->kind == GLP_IV)
{ /* integer variable */
x[j] = floor(col->prim + 0.5);
}
else if (col->type == GLP_FX)
{ /* fixed variable */
x[j] = col->prim;
}
else
{ /* non-integer non-fixed variable */
ret = 3;
goto done;
}
}
/* check that no constraints are violated */
for (i = 1; i <= m; i++)
{ GLPROW *row = P->row[i];
int type = row->type;
GLPAIJ *aij;
double sum;
if (type == GLP_FR)
continue;
/* compute value of linear form */
sum = 0.0;
for (aij = row->ptr; aij != NULL; aij = aij->r_next)
sum += aij->val * x[aij->col->j];
/* check lower bound */
if (type == GLP_LO || type == GLP_DB || type == GLP_FX)
{ if (sum < row->lb - 1e-9)
{ /* lower bound is violated */
ret = 2;
goto done;
}
}
/* check upper bound */
if (type == GLP_UP || type == GLP_DB || type == GLP_FX)
{ if (sum > row->ub + 1e-9)
{ /* upper bound is violated */
ret = 2;
goto done;
}
}
}
/* rounded solution is integer feasible */
if (glp_ios_heur_sol(T, x) == 0)
{ /* solution is accepted */
ret = 0;
}
else
{ /* solution is rejected */
ret = 1;
}
done: tfree(x);
return ret;
}
#else
/***********************************************************************
* round_heur - simple rounding heuristic
*
* This routine attempts to guess an integer feasible solution by
* simple rounding values of all integer variables in basic solution to
* nearest integers. */
static int round_heur(glp_tree *T)
{ glp_prob *P = T->mip;
/*int m = P->m;*/
int n = P->n;
int i, j, ret;
double *x;
/* compute rounded values of variables */
x = talloc(1+n, double);
for (j = 1; j <= n; j++)
{ GLPCOL *col = P->col[j];
if (col->kind == GLP_IV)
{ /* integer variable */
x[j] = floor(col->prim + 0.5);
}
else if (col->type == GLP_FX)
{ /* fixed variable */
x[j] = col->prim;
}
else
{ /* non-integer non-fixed variable */
ret = 3;
goto done;
}
}
/* check that no constraints are violated */
for (i = 1; i <= T->orig_m; i++)
{ int type = T->orig_type[i];
GLPAIJ *aij;
double sum;
if (type == GLP_FR)
continue;
/* compute value of linear form */
sum = 0.0;
for (aij = P->row[i]->ptr; aij != NULL; aij = aij->r_next)
sum += aij->val * x[aij->col->j];
/* check lower bound */
if (type == GLP_LO || type == GLP_DB || type == GLP_FX)
{ if (sum < T->orig_lb[i] - 1e-9)
{ /* lower bound is violated */
ret = 2;
goto done;
}
}
/* check upper bound */
if (type == GLP_UP || type == GLP_DB || type == GLP_FX)
{ if (sum > T->orig_ub[i] + 1e-9)
{ /* upper bound is violated */
ret = 2;
goto done;
}
}
}
/* rounded solution is integer feasible */
if (glp_ios_heur_sol(T, x) == 0)
{ /* solution is accepted */
ret = 0;
}
else
{ /* solution is rejected */
ret = 1;
}
done: tfree(x);
return ret;
}
#endif
#if 0
#define round_heur round_heur2
static int round_heur(glp_tree *T)
{ glp_prob *lp;
int *ind, ret, i, j, len;
double *val;
lp = glp_create_prob();
ind = talloc(1+T->mip->n, int);
val = talloc(1+T->mip->n, double);
glp_add_rows(lp, T->orig_m);
glp_add_cols(lp, T->n);
for (i = 1; i <= T->orig_m; i++)
{ glp_set_row_bnds(lp, i,
T->orig_type[i], T->orig_lb[i], T->orig_ub[i]);
len = glp_get_mat_row(T->mip, i, ind, val);
glp_set_mat_row(lp, i, len, ind, val);
}
for (j = 1; j <= T->n; j++)
{ GLPCOL *col = T->mip->col[j];
glp_set_obj_coef(lp, j, col->coef);
if (col->kind == GLP_IV)
{ /* integer variable */
glp_set_col_bnds(lp, j, GLP_FX, floor(col->prim + .5), 0);
}
else
{ glp_set_col_bnds(lp, j, T->orig_type[T->orig_m+j],
T->orig_lb[T->orig_m+j], T->orig_ub[T->orig_m+j]);
}
}
glp_term_out(GLP_OFF);
glp_adv_basis(lp, 0);
ret = glp_simplex(lp, NULL);
glp_term_out(GLP_ON);
if (ret != 0)
{ ret = 1;
goto done;
}
if (glp_get_status(lp) != GLP_OPT)
{ ret = 2;
goto done;
}
for (j = 1; j <= lp->n; j++)
val[j] = lp->col[j]->prim;
if (glp_ios_heur_sol(T, val) == 0)
ret = 0;
else
ret = 3;
done: glp_delete_prob(lp);
tfree(ind);
tfree(val);
return ret;
}
#endif
/**********************************************************************/
static void generate_cuts(glp_tree *T)
{ /* generate generic cuts with built-in generators */
if (!(T->parm->mir_cuts == GLP_ON ||
T->parm->gmi_cuts == GLP_ON ||
T->parm->cov_cuts == GLP_ON ||
T->parm->clq_cuts == GLP_ON)) goto done;
#if 1 /* 20/IX-2008 */
{ int i, max_cuts, added_cuts;
max_cuts = T->n;
if (max_cuts < 1000) max_cuts = 1000;
added_cuts = 0;
for (i = T->orig_m+1; i <= T->mip->m; i++)
{ if (T->mip->row[i]->origin == GLP_RF_CUT)
added_cuts++;
}
/* xprintf("added_cuts = %d\n", added_cuts); */
if (added_cuts >= max_cuts) goto done;
}
#endif
/* generate and add to POOL all cuts violated by x* */
if (T->parm->gmi_cuts == GLP_ON)
{ if (T->curr->changed < 7)
ios_gmi_gen(T);
}
if (T->parm->mir_cuts == GLP_ON)
{ xassert(T->mir_gen != NULL);
ios_mir_gen(T, T->mir_gen);
}
if (T->parm->cov_cuts == GLP_ON)
{ /* cover cuts works well along with mir cuts */
/*if (T->round <= 5)*/
ios_cov_gen(T);
}
if (T->parm->clq_cuts == GLP_ON)
{ if (T->clq_gen != NULL)
#if 0 /* 29/VI-2013 */
{ if (T->curr->level == 0 && T->curr->changed < 50 ||
T->curr->level > 0 && T->curr->changed < 5)
#else /* FIXME */
{ if (T->curr->level == 0 && T->curr->changed < 500 ||
T->curr->level > 0 && T->curr->changed < 50)
#endif
ios_clq_gen(T, T->clq_gen);
}
}
done: return;
}
/**********************************************************************/
static void remove_cuts(glp_tree *T)
{ /* remove inactive cuts (some valueable globally valid cut might
be saved in the global cut pool) */
int i, cnt = 0, *num = NULL;
xassert(T->curr != NULL);
for (i = T->orig_m+1; i <= T->mip->m; i++)
{ if (T->mip->row[i]->origin == GLP_RF_CUT &&
T->mip->row[i]->level == T->curr->level &&
T->mip->row[i]->stat == GLP_BS)
{ if (num == NULL)
num = xcalloc(1+T->mip->m, sizeof(int));
num[++cnt] = i;
}
}
if (cnt > 0)
{ glp_del_rows(T->mip, cnt, num);
#if 0
xprintf("%d inactive cut(s) removed\n", cnt);
#endif
xfree(num);
xassert(glp_factorize(T->mip) == 0);
}
return;
}
/**********************************************************************/
static void display_cut_info(glp_tree *T)
{ glp_prob *mip = T->mip;
int i, gmi = 0, mir = 0, cov = 0, clq = 0, app = 0;
for (i = mip->m; i > 0; i--)
{ GLPROW *row;
row = mip->row[i];
/* if (row->level < T->curr->level) break; */
if (row->origin == GLP_RF_CUT)
{ if (row->klass == GLP_RF_GMI)
gmi++;
else if (row->klass == GLP_RF_MIR)
mir++;
else if (row->klass == GLP_RF_COV)
cov++;
else if (row->klass == GLP_RF_CLQ)
clq++;
else
app++;
}
}
xassert(T->curr != NULL);
if (gmi + mir + cov + clq + app > 0)
{ xprintf("Cuts on level %d:", T->curr->level);
if (gmi > 0) xprintf(" gmi = %d;", gmi);
if (mir > 0) xprintf(" mir = %d;", mir);
if (cov > 0) xprintf(" cov = %d;", cov);
if (clq > 0) xprintf(" clq = %d;", clq);
if (app > 0) xprintf(" app = %d;", app);
xprintf("\n");
}
return;
}
/***********************************************************************
* NAME
*
* ios_driver - branch-and-cut driver
*
* SYNOPSIS
*
* #include "glpios.h"
* int ios_driver(glp_tree *T);
*
* DESCRIPTION
*
* The routine ios_driver is a branch-and-cut driver. It controls the
* MIP solution process.
*
* RETURNS
*
* 0 The MIP problem instance has been successfully solved. This code
* does not necessarily mean that the solver has found optimal
* solution. It only means that the solution process was successful.
*
* GLP_EFAIL
* The search was prematurely terminated due to the solver failure.
*
* GLP_EMIPGAP
* The search was prematurely terminated, because the relative mip
* gap tolerance has been reached.
*
* GLP_ETMLIM
* The search was prematurely terminated, because the time limit has
* been exceeded.
*
* GLP_ESTOP
* The search was prematurely terminated by application. */
int ios_driver(glp_tree *T)
{ int p, curr_p, p_stat, d_stat, ret;
#if 1 /* carry out to glp_tree */
int pred_p = 0;
/* if the current subproblem has been just created due to
branching, pred_p is the reference number of its parent
subproblem, otherwise pred_p is zero */
#endif
#if 1 /* 18/VII-2013 */
int bad_cut;
double old_obj;
#endif
#if 0 /* 10/VI-2013 */
glp_long ttt = T->tm_beg;
#else
double ttt = T->tm_beg;
#endif
#if 0
((glp_iocp *)T->parm)->msg_lev = GLP_MSG_DBG;
#endif
/* on entry to the B&B driver it is assumed that the active list
contains the only active (i.e. root) subproblem, which is the
original MIP problem to be solved */
loop: /* main loop starts here */
/* at this point the current subproblem does not exist */
xassert(T->curr == NULL);
/* if the active list is empty, the search is finished */
if (T->head == NULL)
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Active list is empty!\n");
#if 0 /* 10/VI-2013 */
xassert(dmp_in_use(T->pool).lo == 0);
#else
xassert(dmp_in_use(T->pool) == 0);
#endif
ret = 0;
goto done;
}
/* select some active subproblem to continue the search */
xassert(T->next_p == 0);
/* let the application program select subproblem */
if (T->parm->cb_func != NULL)
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
T->reason = GLP_ISELECT;
T->parm->cb_func(T, T->parm->cb_info);
T->reason = 0;
if (T->stop)
{ ret = GLP_ESTOP;
goto done;
}
}
if (T->next_p != 0)
{ /* the application program has selected something */
;
}
else if (T->a_cnt == 1)
{ /* the only active subproblem exists, so select it */
xassert(T->head->next == NULL);
T->next_p = T->head->p;
}
else if (T->child != 0)
{ /* select one of branching childs suggested by the branching
heuristic */
T->next_p = T->child;
}
else
{ /* select active subproblem as specified by the backtracking
technique option */
T->next_p = ios_choose_node(T);
}
/* the active subproblem just selected becomes current */
ios_revive_node(T, T->next_p);
T->next_p = T->child = 0;
/* invalidate pred_p, if it is not the reference number of the
parent of the current subproblem */
if (T->curr->up != NULL && T->curr->up->p != pred_p) pred_p = 0;
/* determine the reference number of the current subproblem */
p = T->curr->p;
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
{ xprintf("-----------------------------------------------------"
"-------------------\n");
xprintf("Processing node %d at level %d\n", p, T->curr->level);
}
#if 0
if (p == 1)
glp_write_lp(T->mip, NULL, "root.lp");
#endif
/* if it is the root subproblem, initialize cut generators */
if (p == 1)
{ if (T->parm->gmi_cuts == GLP_ON)
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ALL)
xprintf("Gomory's cuts enabled\n");
}
if (T->parm->mir_cuts == GLP_ON)
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ALL)
xprintf("MIR cuts enabled\n");
xassert(T->mir_gen == NULL);
T->mir_gen = ios_mir_init(T);
}
if (T->parm->cov_cuts == GLP_ON)
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ALL)
xprintf("Cover cuts enabled\n");
}
if (T->parm->clq_cuts == GLP_ON)
{ xassert(T->clq_gen == NULL);
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ALL)
xprintf("Clique cuts enabled\n");
T->clq_gen = ios_clq_init(T);
}
}
#if 1 /* 18/VII-2013 */
bad_cut = 0;
#endif
more: /* minor loop starts here */
/* at this point the current subproblem needs either to be solved
for the first time or re-optimized due to reformulation */
/* display current progress of the search */
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG ||
T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ON &&
(double)(T->parm->out_frq - 1) <=
1000.0 * xdifftime(xtime(), T->tm_lag))
show_progress(T, 0);
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ALL &&
xdifftime(xtime(), ttt) >= 60.0)
#if 0 /* 16/II-2012 */
{ glp_long total;
glp_mem_usage(NULL, NULL, &total, NULL);
xprintf("Time used: %.1f secs. Memory used: %.1f Mb.\n",
xdifftime(xtime(), T->tm_beg), xltod(total) / 1048576.0);
ttt = xtime();
}
#else
{ size_t total;
glp_mem_usage(NULL, NULL, &total, NULL);
xprintf("Time used: %.1f secs. Memory used: %.1f Mb.\n",
xdifftime(xtime(), T->tm_beg), (double)total / 1048576.0);
ttt = xtime();
}
#endif
/* check the mip gap */
if (T->parm->mip_gap > 0.0 &&
ios_relative_gap(T) <= T->parm->mip_gap)
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Relative gap tolerance reached; search terminated "
"\n");
ret = GLP_EMIPGAP;
goto done;
}
/* check if the time limit has been exhausted */
if (T->parm->tm_lim < INT_MAX &&
(double)(T->parm->tm_lim - 1) <=
1000.0 * xdifftime(xtime(), T->tm_beg))
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Time limit exhausted; search terminated\n");
ret = GLP_ETMLIM;
goto done;
}
/* let the application program preprocess the subproblem */
if (T->parm->cb_func != NULL)
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
T->reason = GLP_IPREPRO;
T->parm->cb_func(T, T->parm->cb_info);
T->reason = 0;
if (T->stop)
{ ret = GLP_ESTOP;
goto done;
}
}
/* perform basic preprocessing */
if (T->parm->pp_tech == GLP_PP_NONE)
;
else if (T->parm->pp_tech == GLP_PP_ROOT)
{ if (T->curr->level == 0)
{ if (ios_preprocess_node(T, 100))
goto fath;
}
}
else if (T->parm->pp_tech == GLP_PP_ALL)
{ if (ios_preprocess_node(T, T->curr->level == 0 ? 100 : 10))
goto fath;
}
else
xassert(T != T);
/* preprocessing may improve the global bound */
if (!is_branch_hopeful(T, p))
{ xprintf("*** not tested yet ***\n");
goto fath;
}
/* solve LP relaxation of the current subproblem */
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Solving LP relaxation...\n");
ret = ios_solve_node(T);
if (!(ret == 0 || ret == GLP_EOBJLL || ret == GLP_EOBJUL))
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ERR)
xprintf("ios_driver: unable to solve current LP relaxation;"
" glp_simplex returned %d\n", ret);
ret = GLP_EFAIL;
goto done;
}
/* analyze status of the basic solution to LP relaxation found */
p_stat = T->mip->pbs_stat;
d_stat = T->mip->dbs_stat;
if (p_stat == GLP_FEAS && d_stat == GLP_FEAS)
{ /* LP relaxation has optimal solution */
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Found optimal solution to LP relaxation\n");
}
else if (d_stat == GLP_NOFEAS)
{ /* LP relaxation has no dual feasible solution */
/* since the current subproblem cannot have a larger feasible
region than its parent, there is something wrong */
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ERR)
xprintf("ios_driver: current LP relaxation has no dual feas"
"ible solution\n");
ret = GLP_EFAIL;
goto done;
}
else if (p_stat == GLP_INFEAS && d_stat == GLP_FEAS)
{ /* LP relaxation has no primal solution which is better than
the incumbent objective value */
xassert(T->mip->mip_stat == GLP_FEAS);
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("LP relaxation has no solution better than incumben"
"t objective value\n");
/* prune the branch */
goto fath;
}
else if (p_stat == GLP_NOFEAS)
{ /* LP relaxation has no primal feasible solution */
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("LP relaxation has no feasible solution\n");
/* prune the branch */
goto fath;
}
else
{ /* other cases cannot appear */
xassert(T->mip != T->mip);
}
/* at this point basic solution to LP relaxation of the current
subproblem is optimal */
xassert(p_stat == GLP_FEAS && d_stat == GLP_FEAS);
xassert(T->curr != NULL);
T->curr->lp_obj = T->mip->obj_val;
/* thus, it defines a local bound to integer optimal solution of
the current subproblem */
{ double bound = T->mip->obj_val;
/* some local bound to the current subproblem could be already
set before, so we should only improve it */
bound = ios_round_bound(T, bound);
if (T->mip->dir == GLP_MIN)
{ if (T->curr->bound < bound)
T->curr->bound = bound;
}
else if (T->mip->dir == GLP_MAX)
{ if (T->curr->bound > bound)
T->curr->bound = bound;
}
else
xassert(T->mip != T->mip);
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Local bound is %.9e\n", bound);
}
/* if the local bound indicates that integer optimal solution of
the current subproblem cannot be better than the global bound,
prune the branch */
if (!is_branch_hopeful(T, p))
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Current branch is hopeless and can be pruned\n");
goto fath;
}
/* let the application program generate additional rows ("lazy"
constraints) */
xassert(T->reopt == 0);
xassert(T->reinv == 0);
if (T->parm->cb_func != NULL)
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
T->reason = GLP_IROWGEN;
T->parm->cb_func(T, T->parm->cb_info);
T->reason = 0;
if (T->stop)
{ ret = GLP_ESTOP;
goto done;
}
if (T->reopt)
{ /* some rows were added; re-optimization is needed */
T->reopt = T->reinv = 0;
goto more;
}
if (T->reinv)
{ /* no rows were added, however, some inactive rows were
removed */
T->reinv = 0;
xassert(glp_factorize(T->mip) == 0);
}
}
/* check if the basic solution is integer feasible */
check_integrality(T);
/* if the basic solution satisfies to all integrality conditions,
it is a new, better integer feasible solution */
if (T->curr->ii_cnt == 0)
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("New integer feasible solution found\n");
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ALL)
display_cut_info(T);
record_solution(T);
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ON)
show_progress(T, 1);
#if 1 /* 11/VII-2013 */
ios_process_sol(T);
#endif
/* make the application program happy */
if (T->parm->cb_func != NULL)
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
T->reason = GLP_IBINGO;
T->parm->cb_func(T, T->parm->cb_info);
T->reason = 0;
if (T->stop)
{ ret = GLP_ESTOP;
goto done;
}
}
/* since the current subproblem has been fathomed, prune its
branch */
goto fath;
}
/* at this point basic solution to LP relaxation of the current
subproblem is optimal, but integer infeasible */
/* try to fix some non-basic structural variables of integer kind
on their current bounds due to reduced costs */
if (T->mip->mip_stat == GLP_FEAS)
fix_by_red_cost(T);
/* let the application program try to find some solution to the
original MIP with a primal heuristic */
if (T->parm->cb_func != NULL)
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
T->reason = GLP_IHEUR;
T->parm->cb_func(T, T->parm->cb_info);
T->reason = 0;
if (T->stop)
{ ret = GLP_ESTOP;
goto done;
}
/* check if the current branch became hopeless */
if (!is_branch_hopeful(T, p))
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Current branch became hopeless and can be prune"
"d\n");
goto fath;
}
}
/* try to find solution with the feasibility pump heuristic */
if (T->parm->fp_heur)
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
T->reason = GLP_IHEUR;
ios_feas_pump(T);
T->reason = 0;
/* check if the current branch became hopeless */
if (!is_branch_hopeful(T, p))
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Current branch became hopeless and can be prune"
"d\n");
goto fath;
}
}
#if 1 /* 25/V-2013 */
/* try to find solution with the proximity search heuristic */
if (T->parm->ps_heur)
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
T->reason = GLP_IHEUR;
ios_proxy_heur(T);
T->reason = 0;
/* check if the current branch became hopeless */
if (!is_branch_hopeful(T, p))
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Current branch became hopeless and can be prune"
"d\n");
goto fath;
}
}
#endif
#if 1 /* 09/VII-2013 */
/* try to find solution with a simple rounding heuristic */
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
T->reason = GLP_IHEUR;
round_heur(T);
T->reason = 0;
/* check if the current branch became hopeless */
if (!is_branch_hopeful(T, p))
{ if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Current branch became hopeless and can be prune"
"d\n");
goto fath;
}
}
#endif
/* it's time to generate cutting planes */
xassert(T->local != NULL);
xassert(T->local->size == 0);
/* let the application program generate some cuts; note that it
can add cuts either to the local cut pool or directly to the
current subproblem */
if (T->parm->cb_func != NULL)
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
T->reason = GLP_ICUTGEN;
T->parm->cb_func(T, T->parm->cb_info);
T->reason = 0;
if (T->stop)
{ ret = GLP_ESTOP;
goto done;
}
}
#if 1 /* 18/VII-2013 */
if (T->curr->changed > 0)
{ double degrad = fabs(T->curr->lp_obj - old_obj);
if (degrad < 1e-4 * (1.0 + fabs(old_obj)))
bad_cut++;
else
bad_cut = 0;
}
old_obj = T->curr->lp_obj;
if (bad_cut == 0 || (T->curr->level == 0 && bad_cut <= 3))
#endif
/* try to generate generic cuts with built-in generators
(as suggested by Prof. Fischetti et al. the built-in cuts are
not generated at each branching node; an intense attempt of
generating new cuts is only made at the root node, and then
a moderate effort is spent after each backtracking step) */
if (T->curr->level == 0 || pred_p == 0)
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
T->reason = GLP_ICUTGEN;
generate_cuts(T);
T->reason = 0;
}
/* if the local cut pool is not empty, select useful cuts and add
them to the current subproblem */
if (T->local->size > 0)
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
T->reason = GLP_ICUTGEN;
ios_process_cuts(T);
T->reason = 0;
}
/* clear the local cut pool */
ios_clear_pool(T, T->local);
/* perform re-optimization, if necessary */
if (T->reopt)
{ T->reopt = 0;
T->curr->changed++;
goto more;
}
/* no cuts were generated; remove inactive cuts */
remove_cuts(T);
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ALL && T->curr->level == 0)
display_cut_info(T);
/* update history information used on pseudocost branching */
if (T->pcost != NULL) ios_pcost_update(T);
/* it's time to perform branching */
xassert(T->br_var == 0);
xassert(T->br_sel == 0);
/* let the application program choose variable to branch on */
if (T->parm->cb_func != NULL)
{ xassert(T->reason == 0);
xassert(T->br_var == 0);
xassert(T->br_sel == 0);
T->reason = GLP_IBRANCH;
T->parm->cb_func(T, T->parm->cb_info);
T->reason = 0;
if (T->stop)
{ ret = GLP_ESTOP;
goto done;
}
}
/* if nothing has been chosen, choose some variable as specified
by the branching technique option */
if (T->br_var == 0)
T->br_var = ios_choose_var(T, &T->br_sel);
/* perform actual branching */
curr_p = T->curr->p;
ret = branch_on(T, T->br_var, T->br_sel);
T->br_var = T->br_sel = 0;
if (ret == 0)
{ /* both branches have been created */
pred_p = curr_p;
goto loop;
}
else if (ret == 1)
{ /* one branch is hopeless and has been pruned, so now the
current subproblem is other branch */
/* the current subproblem should be considered as a new one,
since one bound of the branching variable was changed */
T->curr->solved = T->curr->changed = 0;
#if 1 /* 18/VII-2013 */
/* bad_cut = 0; */
#endif
goto more;
}
else if (ret == 2)
{ /* both branches are hopeless and have been pruned; new
subproblem selection is needed to continue the search */
goto fath;
}
else
xassert(ret != ret);
fath: /* the current subproblem has been fathomed */
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_DBG)
xprintf("Node %d fathomed\n", p);
/* freeze the current subproblem */
ios_freeze_node(T);
/* and prune the corresponding branch of the tree */
ios_delete_node(T, p);
/* if a new integer feasible solution has just been found, other
branches may become hopeless and therefore must be pruned */
if (T->mip->mip_stat == GLP_FEAS) cleanup_the_tree(T);
/* new subproblem selection is needed due to backtracking */
pred_p = 0;
goto loop;
done: /* display progress of the search on exit from the solver */
if (T->parm->msg_lev >= GLP_MSG_ON)
show_progress(T, 0);
if (T->mir_gen != NULL)
ios_mir_term(T->mir_gen), T->mir_gen = NULL;
if (T->clq_gen != NULL)
ios_clq_term(T->clq_gen), T->clq_gen = NULL;
/* return to the calling program */
return ret;
}
/* eof */