Skiing/rom_evaluate.py

import sys
import operator
from os import listdir, system
import subprocess
import re
from collections import defaultdict

from random import randrange
from ale_py import ALEInterface, SDL_SUPPORT, Action
from PIL import Image
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import cv2
import pickle
import queue
from dataclasses import dataclass, field

from sklearn.cluster import KMeans, DBSCAN

from enum import Enum

from copy import deepcopy

import numpy as np

import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

#import readchar

from sample_factory.algo.utils.tensor_dict import TensorDict
from query_sample_factory_checkpoint import SampleFactoryNNQueryWrapper

import time

tempest_binary = "/home/spranger/projects/tempest-devel/ranking_release/bin/storm"
rom_file = "/home/spranger/research/Skiing/env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/AutoROM/roms/skiing.bin"

def tic():
    import time
    global startTime_for_tictoc
    startTime_for_tictoc = time.time()

def toc():
    import time
    if 'startTime_for_tictoc' in globals():
        return time.time() - startTime_for_tictoc

class Verdict(Enum):
    INCONCLUSIVE = 1
    GOOD = 2
    BAD = 3

verdict_to_color_map = {Verdict.BAD: "200,0,0", Verdict.INCONCLUSIVE: "40,40,200", Verdict.GOOD: "00,200,100"}

def convert(tuples):
    return dict(tuples)

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class State:
    x: int
    y: int
    ski_position: int
    velocity: int
def default_value():
    return {'action' : None, 'choiceValue' : None}

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class StateValue:
    ranking: float
    choices: dict = field(default_factory=default_value)

@dataclass(frozen=False)
class TestResult:
    init_check_pes_min: float
    init_check_pes_max: float
    init_check_pes_avg: float
    init_check_opt_min: float
    init_check_opt_max: float
    init_check_opt_avg: float
    def __str__(self):
        return f"""Test Result:
    init_check_pes_min: {self.init_check_pes_min}
    init_check_pes_max: {self.init_check_pes_max}
    init_check_pes_avg: {self.init_check_pes_avg}
    init_check_opt_min: {self.init_check_opt_min}
    init_check_opt_max: {self.init_check_opt_max}
    init_check_opt_avg: {self.init_check_opt_avg}
"""
    def csv(self, ws=" "):
        return f"{self.init_check_pes_min:0.04f}{ws}{self.init_check_pes_max:0.04f}{ws}{self.init_check_pes_avg:0.04f}{ws}{self.init_check_opt_min:0.04f}{ws}{self.init_check_opt_max:0.04f}{ws}{self.init_check_opt_avg:0.04f}"

def exec(command,verbose=True):
    if verbose: print(f"Executing {command}")
    system(f"echo {command} >> list_of_exec")
    return system(command)

num_tests_per_cluster = 50
factor_tests_per_cluster = 0.2
num_ski_positions = 8
num_velocities = 5

def input_to_action(char):
    if char == "0":
        return Action.NOOP
    if char == "1":
        return Action.RIGHT
    if char == "2":
        return Action.LEFT
    if char == "3":
        return "reset"
    if char == "4":
        return "set_x"
    if char == "5":
        return "set_vel"
    if char in ["w", "a", "s", "d"]:
        return char

def saveObservations(observations, verdict, testDir):
    testDir = f"images/testing_{experiment_id}/{verdict.name}_{testDir}_{len(observations)}"
    if len(observations) < 20:
        logger.warn(f"Potentially spurious test case for {testDir}")
        testDir = f"{testDir}_pot_spurious"
    exec(f"mkdir {testDir}", verbose=False)
    for i, obs in enumerate(observations):
        img = Image.fromarray(obs)
        img.save(f"{testDir}/{i:003}.png")

ski_position_counter = {1: (Action.LEFT, 40), 2: (Action.LEFT, 35), 3: (Action.LEFT, 30), 4: (Action.LEFT, 10), 5: (Action.NOOP, 1), 6: (Action.RIGHT, 10), 7: (Action.RIGHT, 30), 8: (Action.RIGHT, 40) }

def run_single_test(ale, nn_wrapper, x,y,ski_position, velocity, duration=50):
#def run_single_test(ale, nn_wrapper, x,y,ski_position, duration=50):
    #print(f"Running Test from x: {x:04}, y: {y:04}, ski_position: {ski_position}", end="")
    testDir = f"{x}_{y}_{ski_position}_{velocity}"
    #testDir = f"{x}_{y}_{ski_position}"
    for i, r in enumerate(ramDICT[y]):
        ale.setRAM(i,r)
    ski_position_setting = ski_position_counter[ski_position]
    for i in range(0,ski_position_setting[1]):
        ale.act(ski_position_setting[0])
        ale.setRAM(14,0)
        ale.setRAM(25,x)
    ale.setRAM(14,180) # TODO

    all_obs = list()
    speed_list = list()
    resized_obs = cv2.resize(ale.getScreenGrayscale(), (84,84), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
    for i in range(0,4):
        all_obs.append(resized_obs)
    for i in range(0,duration-4):
        resized_obs = cv2.resize(ale.getScreenGrayscale(), (84,84), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
        all_obs.append(resized_obs)
        if i % 4 == 0:
            stack_tensor = TensorDict({"obs": np.array(all_obs[-4:])})
            action = nn_wrapper.query(stack_tensor)
            ale.act(input_to_action(str(action)))
        else:
            ale.act(input_to_action(str(action)))
        speed_list.append(ale.getRAM()[14])
        if len(speed_list) > 15 and sum(speed_list[-6:-1]) == 0:
            #saveObservations(all_obs, Verdict.BAD, testDir)
            return Verdict.BAD
    #saveObservations(all_obs, Verdict.GOOD, testDir)
    return Verdict.GOOD

def computeStateRanking(mdp_file, iteration):
    logger.info("Computing state ranking")
    tic()
    prop =  f"filter(min, Pmin=? [ G !(\"Hit_Tree\" | \"Hit_Gate\" | \"Unsafe\") ], !\"Hit_Tree\" & !\"Hit_Gate\" & !\"Unsafe\" );"
    prop += f"filter(max, Pmin=? [ G !(\"Hit_Tree\" | \"Hit_Gate\" | \"Unsafe\") ], !\"Hit_Tree\" & !\"Hit_Gate\" & !\"Unsafe\" );"
    prop += f"filter(avg, Pmin=? [ G !(\"Hit_Tree\" | \"Hit_Gate\" | \"Unsafe\") ], !\"Hit_Tree\" & !\"Hit_Gate\" & !\"Unsafe\" );"
    prop += f"filter(min, Pmax=? [ G !(\"Hit_Tree\" | \"Hit_Gate\" | \"Unsafe\") ], !\"Hit_Tree\" & !\"Hit_Gate\" & !\"Unsafe\" );"
    prop += f"filter(max, Pmax=? [ G !(\"Hit_Tree\" | \"Hit_Gate\" | \"Unsafe\") ], !\"Hit_Tree\" & !\"Hit_Gate\" & !\"Unsafe\" );"
    prop += f"filter(avg, Pmax=? [ G !(\"Hit_Tree\" | \"Hit_Gate\" | \"Unsafe\") ], !\"Hit_Tree\" & !\"Hit_Gate\" & !\"Unsafe\" );"
    prop += 'Rmax=? [C <= 200]'
    results = list()
    try:
        command = f"{tempest_binary} --prism {mdp_file} --buildchoicelab --buildstateval --build-all-labels --prop '{prop}'"
        output = subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True).decode("utf-8").split('\n')
        for line in output:
            print(line)
            if "Result" in line and not len(results) >= 6:
                range_value = re.search(r"(.*:).*\[(-?\d+\.?\d*), (-?\d+\.?\d*)\].*", line)
                if range_value:
                    results.append(float(range_value.group(2)))
                    results.append(float(range_value.group(3)))
                else:
                    value = re.search(r"(.*:)(.*)", line)
                    results.append(float(value.group(2)))
        exec(f"mv action_ranking action_ranking_{iteration:03}")
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
        # todo die gracefully if ranking is uniform
        print(e.output)
    logger.info(f"Computing state ranking - DONE: took {toc()} seconds")
    return TestResult(*tuple(results))

def fillStateRanking(file_name, match=""):
    logger.info(f"Parsing state ranking, {file_name}")
    tic()
    state_ranking = dict()
    try:
        with open(file_name, "r") as f:
            file_content = f.readlines()
        for line in file_content:
            if not "move=0" in line: continue
            ranking_value = float(re.search(r"Value:([+-]?(\d*\.\d+)|\d+)", line)[0].replace("Value:",""))
            if ranking_value <= 0.1:
                continue
            stateMapping = convert(re.findall(r"([a-zA-Z_]*[a-zA-Z])=(\d+)?", line))
            #print("stateMapping", stateMapping)
            choices = convert(re.findall(r"[a-zA-Z_]*(left|right|noop)[a-zA-Z_]*:(-?\d+\.?\d*)", line))
            choices = {key:float(value) for (key,value) in choices.items()}
            #print("choices", choices)
            #print("ranking_value", ranking_value)
            state = State(int(stateMapping["x"]), int(stateMapping["y"]), int(stateMapping["ski_position"]), int(stateMapping["velocity"])//2)
            #state = State(int(stateMapping["x"]), int(stateMapping["y"]), int(stateMapping["ski_position"]))
            value = StateValue(ranking_value, choices)
            state_ranking[state] = value
        logger.info(f"Parsing state ranking - DONE: took {toc()} seconds")
        return state_ranking
    except EnvironmentError:
        print("Ranking file not available. Exiting.")
        toc()
        sys.exit(-1)
    except:
        toc()

def createDisjunction(formulas):
    return " | ".join(formulas)

def statesFormulaTrimmed(states):
    if len(states) == 0: return "false"
    #states = [(s[0].x,s[0].y, s[0].ski_position) for s in cluster]
    skiPositionGroup = defaultdict(list)
    for item in states:
        skiPositionGroup[item[2]].append(item)

    formulas = list()
    for skiPosition, skiPos_group in skiPositionGroup.items():
        formula = f"( ski_position={skiPosition} & "
        firstVelocity = True
        velocityGroup = defaultdict(list)
        for item in skiPos_group:
            velocityGroup[item[3]].append(item)
        for velocity, velocity_group in velocityGroup.items():
            if firstVelocity:
                firstVelocity = False
            else:
                formula += " | "
            formula += f" (velocity={velocity} & "
            firstY = True
            yPosGroup = defaultdict(list)
            for item in velocity_group:
                yPosGroup[item[1]].append(item)
            for y, y_group in yPosGroup.items():
                if firstY:
                    firstY = False
                else:
                    formula += " | "
                sorted_y_group = sorted(y_group, key=lambda s: s[0])
                formula += f"( y={y} & ("
                current_x_min = sorted_y_group[0][0]
                current_x = sorted_y_group[0][0]
                x_ranges = list()
                for state in sorted_y_group[1:-1]:
                    if state[0] - current_x == 1:
                        current_x = state[0]
                    else:
                        x_ranges.append(f" ({current_x_min}<= x & x<={current_x})")
                        current_x_min = state[0]
                        current_x = state[0]
                x_ranges.append(f" ({current_x_min}<= x & x<={sorted_y_group[-1][0]})")
                formula += " | ".join(x_ranges)
                formula += ") )"
            formula += ")"
        formula += ")"
        formulas.append(formula)
    return createBalancedDisjunction(formulas)

# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5389507/iterating-over-every-two-elements-in-a-list
def pairwise(iterable):
    "s -> (s0, s1), (s2, s3), (s4, s5), ..."
    a = iter(iterable)
    return zip(a, a)

def createBalancedDisjunction(formulas):
    if len(formulas) == 0:
        return "false"
    while len(formulas) > 1:
        formulas_tmp = [f"({f} | {g})"  for f,g in pairwise(formulas)]
        if len(formulas) % 2 == 1:
            formulas_tmp.append(formulas[-1])
        formulas = formulas_tmp
    return " ".join(formulas)

def updatePrismFile(newFile, iteration, safeStates, unsafeStates):
    logger.info("Creating next prism file")
    tic()
    initFile = f"{newFile}_no_formulas.prism"
    newFile = f"{newFile}_{iteration:03}.prism"
    exec(f"cp {initFile} {newFile}", verbose=False)
    with open(newFile, "a") as prism:
        prism.write(f"formula Safe = {statesFormulaTrimmed(safeStates)};\n")
        prism.write(f"formula Unsafe = {statesFormulaTrimmed(unsafeStates)};\n")
        prism.write(f"label \"Safe\" = Safe;\n")
        prism.write(f"label \"Unsafe\" = Unsafe;\n")

    logger.info(f"Creating next prism file - DONE: took {toc()} seconds")


ale = ALEInterface()


#if SDL_SUPPORT:
#    ale.setBool("sound", True)
#    ale.setBool("display_screen", True)

# Load the ROM file
ale.loadROM(rom_file)

with open('all_positions_v2.pickle', 'rb') as handle:
    ramDICT = pickle.load(handle)
y_ram_setting = 60
x = 70


nn_wrapper = SampleFactoryNNQueryWrapper()

experiment_id = int(time.time())
init_mdp = "velocity_safety"
exec(f"mkdir -p images/testing_{experiment_id}", verbose=False)

markerSize = 1

imagesDir = f"images/testing_{experiment_id}"

def drawOntoSkiPosImage(states, color, target_prefix="cluster_", alpha_factor=1.0):
    #markerList = {ski_position:list() for ski_position in range(1,num_ski_positions + 1)}
    markerList = {(ski_position, velocity):list() for velocity in range(0, num_velocities) for ski_position in range(1,num_ski_positions + 1)}
    images = dict()
    mergedImages = dict()
    for ski_position in range(1, num_ski_positions + 1):
        for velocity in range(0,num_velocities):
            images[(ski_position, velocity)] = cv2.imread(f"{imagesDir}/{target_prefix}_{ski_position:02}_{velocity:02}_individual.png")
        mergedImages[ski_position] = cv2.imread(f"{imagesDir}/{target_prefix}_{ski_position:02}_individual.png")
    for state in states:
        s = state[0]
        #marker = f"-fill 'rgba({color}, {alpha_factor * state[1].ranking})' -draw 'rectangle {s.x-markerSize},{s.y-markerSize} {s.x+markerSize},{s.y+markerSize} '"
        #marker = f"-fill 'rgba({color}, {alpha_factor * state[1].ranking})' -draw 'point {s.x},{s.y} '"
        marker = [color, alpha_factor * state[1].ranking, (s.x-markerSize, s.y-markerSize), (s.x+markerSize, s.y+markerSize)]
        markerList[(s.ski_position, s.velocity)].append(marker)
    for (pos, vel), marker in markerList.items():
        #command = f"convert {imagesDir}/{target_prefix}_{pos:02}_{vel:02}_individual.png {' '.join(marker)} {imagesDir}/{target_prefix}_{pos:02}_{vel:02}_individual.png"
        #exec(command, verbose=False)
        if len(marker) == 0: continue
        for m in marker:
            images[(pos,vel)] = cv2.rectangle(images[(pos,vel)], m[2], m[3], m[0], cv2.FILLED)
            mergedImages[pos] = cv2.rectangle(mergedImages[pos], m[2], m[3], m[0], cv2.FILLED)
    for (ski_position, velocity), image in images.items():
        cv2.imwrite(f"{imagesDir}/{target_prefix}_{ski_position:02}_{velocity:02}_individual.png", image)
    for ski_position, image in mergedImages.items():
        cv2.imwrite(f"{imagesDir}/{target_prefix}_{ski_position:02}_individual.png", image)


def concatImages(prefix, iteration):
    logger.info(f"Concatenating images")
    images = [f"{imagesDir}/{prefix}_{pos:02}_{vel:02}_individual.png" for vel in range(0,num_velocities) for pos in range(1,num_ski_positions+1)]
    mergedImages = [f"{imagesDir}/{prefix}_{pos:02}_individual.png" for pos in range(1,num_ski_positions+1)]
    for vel in range(0, num_velocities):
        for pos in range(1, num_ski_positions + 1):
            command =  f"convert {imagesDir}/{prefix}_{pos:02}_{vel:02}_individual.png "
            command += f"-pointsize 10 -gravity NorthEast -annotate +8+0 'p{pos:02}v{vel:02}' "
            command += f"{imagesDir}/{prefix}_{pos:02}_{vel:02}_individual.png"
            exec(command, verbose=False)
    exec(f"montage {' '.join(images)} -geometry +0+0 -tile 8x9 {imagesDir}/{prefix}_{iteration}.png", verbose=False)
    exec(f"montage {' '.join(mergedImages)} -geometry +0+0 -tile 8x9 {imagesDir}/{prefix}_{iteration}_merged.png", verbose=False)
    #exec(f"sxiv {imagesDir}/{prefix}_{iteration}.png&", verbose=False)
    logger.info(f"Concatenating images - DONE")

def drawStatesOntoTiledImage(states, color, target, source="images/1_full_scaled_down.png", alpha_factor=1.0):
    """
    Useful to draw a set of states, e.g. a single cluster
    markerList = {1: list(), 2:list(), 3:list(), 4:list(), 5:list(), 6:list(), 7:list(), 8:list()}
    logger.info(f"Drawing {len(states)} states onto {target}")
    tic()
    for state in states:
        s = state[0]
        marker = f"-fill 'rgba({color}, {alpha_factor * state[1].ranking})' -draw 'rectangle {s.x-markerSize},{s.y-markerSize} {s.x+markerSize},{s.y+markerSize} '"
        markerList[s.ski_position].append(marker)
    for pos, marker in markerList.items():
        command = f"convert {source} {' '.join(marker)} {imagesDir}/{target}_{pos:02}_individual.png"
        exec(command, verbose=False)
    exec(f"montage {imagesDir}/{target}_*_individual.png -geometry +0+0 -tile x1 {imagesDir}/{target}.png", verbose=False)
    logger.info(f"Drawing {len(states)} states onto {target} - Done: took {toc()} seconds")
    """

def drawClusters(clusterDict, target, iteration, alpha_factor=1.0):
    logger.info(f"Drawing {len(clusterDict)} clusters")
    tic()
    #for velocity in range(0, num_velocities):
    #    for ski_position in range(1, num_ski_positions + 1):
    #        source = "images/1_full_scaled_down.png"
    #        exec(f"cp {source} {imagesDir}/{target}_{ski_position:02}_{velocity:02}_individual.png", verbose=False)
    for _, clusterStates in clusterDict.items():
        color = (np.random.choice(range(256)), np.random.choice(range(256)), np.random.choice(range(256)))
        color = (int(color[0]), int(color[1]), int(color[2]))
        drawOntoSkiPosImage(clusterStates, color, target, alpha_factor=alpha_factor)
    concatImages(target, iteration)
    logger.info(f"Drawing {len(clusterDict)} clusters - DONE: took {toc()} seconds")

def drawResult(clusterDict, target, iteration):
    logger.info(f"Drawing {len(clusterDict)} results")
    #for velocity in range(0,num_velocities):
    #    for ski_position in range(1, num_ski_positions + 1):
    #        source = "images/1_full_scaled_down.png"
    #        exec(f"cp {source} {imagesDir}/{target}_{ski_position:02}_{velocity:02}_individual.png", verbose=False)
    for _, (clusterStates, result) in clusterDict.items():
        # opencv wants BGR
        color = (100,100,100)
        if result == Verdict.GOOD:
            color = (0,200,0)
        elif result == Verdict.BAD:
            color = (0,0,200)
        drawOntoSkiPosImage(clusterStates, color, target, alpha_factor=0.7)
    concatImages(target, iteration)
    logger.info(f"Drawing {len(clusterDict)} results - DONE: took {toc()} seconds")

def _init_logger():
    logger = logging.getLogger('main')
    logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
    handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
    formatter = logging.Formatter(       '[%(levelname)s] %(module)s - %(message)s')
    handler.setFormatter(formatter)
    logger.addHandler(handler)

def clusterImportantStates(ranking, iteration):
    logger.info(f"Starting to cluster {len(ranking)} states into clusters")
    tic()
    states = [[s[0].x,s[0].y, s[0].ski_position * 20, s[0].velocity * 20, s[1].ranking] for s in ranking]
    #states = [[s[0].x,s[0].y, s[0].ski_position * 30, s[1].ranking] for s in ranking]
    #kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters, random_state=0, n_init="auto").fit(states)
    dbscan = DBSCAN(eps=5).fit(states)
    labels = dbscan.labels_
    n_clusters = len(set(labels)) - (1 if -1 in labels else 0)
    logger.info(f"Starting to cluster {len(ranking)} states into clusters - DONE: took {toc()} seconds with {n_clusters} cluster")
    clusterDict = {i : list() for i in range(0,n_clusters)}
    strayStates = list()
    for i, state in enumerate(ranking):
        if labels[i] == -1:
            clusterDict[n_clusters + len(strayStates) + 1] = list()
            clusterDict[n_clusters + len(strayStates) + 1].append(state)
            strayStates.append(state)
            continue
        clusterDict[labels[i]].append(state)
    if len(strayStates) > 0: logger.warning(f"{len(strayStates)} stray states with label -1")
    drawClusters(clusterDict, f"clusters", iteration)
    return clusterDict

if __name__ == '__main__':
    _init_logger()
    logger = logging.getLogger('main')
    logger.info("Starting")
    n_clusters = 40
    testAll = False

    source = "images/1_full_scaled_down.png"
    for ski_position in range(1, num_ski_positions + 1):
        for velocity in range(0,num_velocities):
            exec(f"cp {source} {imagesDir}/clusters_{ski_position:02}_{velocity:02}_individual.png", verbose=False)
            exec(f"cp {source} {imagesDir}/result_{ski_position:02}_{velocity:02}_individual.png", verbose=False)
        exec(f"cp {source} {imagesDir}/clusters_{ski_position:02}_individual.png", verbose=False)
        exec(f"cp {source} {imagesDir}/result_{ski_position:02}_individual.png", verbose=False)
    safeStates = set()
    unsafeStates = set()
    iteration = 0
    results = list()
    eps = 0.1
    while True:
        updatePrismFile(init_mdp, iteration, safeStates, unsafeStates)
        modelCheckingResult = computeStateRanking(f"{init_mdp}_{iteration:03}.prism", iteration)
        results.append(modelCheckingResult)
        logger.info(f"Model Checking Result: {modelCheckingResult}")
        if abs(modelCheckingResult.init_check_pes_avg - modelCheckingResult.init_check_opt_avg) < eps:
            logger.info(f"Absolute difference between average estimates is below eps = {eps}... finishing!")
            break


        ranking = fillStateRanking(f"action_ranking_{iteration:03}")
        sorted_ranking = sorted( (x for x in ranking.items() if x[1].ranking > 0.1), key=lambda x: x[1].ranking)
        try:
            clusters = clusterImportantStates(sorted_ranking, iteration)
        except Exception as e:
            print(e)
            break

        if testAll: failingPerCluster = {i: list() for i in range(0, n_clusters)}
        clusterResult = dict()
        logger.info(f"Running tests")
        tic()
        for id, cluster in clusters.items():
            num_tests = int(factor_tests_per_cluster * len(cluster))
            #logger.info(f"Testing {num_tests} states (from {len(cluster)} states) from cluster {id}")
            randomStates = np.random.choice(len(cluster), num_tests, replace=False)
            randomStates = [cluster[i] for i in randomStates]

            verdictGood = True
            for state in randomStates:
                x = state[0].x
                y = state[0].y
                ski_pos = state[0].ski_position
                velocity = state[0].velocity
                #result = run_single_test(ale,nn_wrapper,x,y,ski_pos, duration=50)
                result = run_single_test(ale,nn_wrapper,x,y,ski_pos, velocity, duration=50)
                if result == Verdict.BAD:
                    if testAll:
                        failingPerCluster[id].append(state)
                    else:
                        clusterResult[id] = (cluster, Verdict.BAD)
                        verdictGood = False
                        unsafeStates.update([(s[0].x,s[0].y, s[0].ski_position, s[0].velocity) for s in cluster])
                        break
            if verdictGood:
                clusterResult[id] = (cluster, Verdict.GOOD)
                safeStates.update([(s[0].x,s[0].y, s[0].ski_position, s[0].velocity) for s in cluster])
        logger.info(f"Iteration: {iteration:03}\t-\tSafe Results : {len(safeStates)}\t-\tUnsafe Results:{len(unsafeStates)}")
        if testAll: drawClusters(failingPerCluster, f"failing", iteration)

        drawResult(clusterResult, "result", iteration)
        iteration += 1

    for result in results:
        print(result.csv())